Political Systems

Nature, necessity, and origin of constitutions. The term “constitution” When applled to the state may connote both a physical and a legal Concepcion the former sense it has reference to the totality of constituent elements which enter into the physical make-up of the state, land, people, institutions, government machinery, etc. In this sense the term … Read more

Types of republican executives. The Presidency of the United States.-If we leave aside the Swiss executives, which is sui géneris because of its collegial organization and its peculiar relation to the legislature, the existing executives of republican states fall into three fairly well differentiated classes, American, French, and German. The American type includes the presidency … Read more

Relation of the executive to the legislative power. Power of the Executive in Respect to Legislation:-The relation of the supreme executive to the legislative organ, said Sidgwick, : “is one of the knottiest points in constitutional construction.” and it is the nature of this relationship which serves to distinguish the two most important forms of … Read more

Nature of the Executive Power : What is the best constitution for the executive department and what are the powers with which it should be intrusted, said Judge Story, are problems among the most important and probably the most difficult of solution of any involved in the theory of free governments. The first of these … Read more

The term of the chief executive. Views of Hamilton and Story :- “The ingredients Which constitute energy in the executive, said Alexander Hamilton, are first, unity, secondly, duration, thirdly, an adequate provision  for its support, fourthly, competent powers.” while those which constitute safety in the republican sense are, first, a due dependence on the people, … Read more

Methods Followed : Four different methods of choosing the chief executive have been followed in practice first, the hereditary principle, second, direct election by the people, third, in direct election by a body of intermediate electors, themselves either popularly elected or chosen by some branch of the government and, fourth, election by the legislature. In … Read more

Principles of organization main point is Principle of Objective Principle of Division of Work Principle of Unity of Command Principle of Span of Control Principle of Scalar Chain Principle of Delegation Principle of Absoluteness of Responsibility Principle of Parity of Authority and Responsibility Principles of organization : What the Executive Organ Embraces. The second great … Read more

Nature of the legislative mandate. The Constitutional establishes the Public Protector as one of the several independent institutions that are to strengthen and support constitutional democracy. These institutions, which have different but complementary mandates are established by Chapter 9 of the Constitution. Nature of the legislative mandate – role of the representative : Classification of … Read more

Professional or occupational representation.One of the most striking of the newer political theories that are being advanced today is that of occupational representation. Under this system, we would elect our legislators, not as now from territorial districts, but from groups of trades and industries. Professional or occupational representation : Criticism of proportional party representation. While … Read more

Representation of minority parties Early Advocates. The question whether the constitution should not guarantee representation, proportional or otherwise, to the minor political parties in the state, especially the more important ones, has had supporters dating from the epoch when in practice the principle of minority representation was unknown. John Stuart Mill in his classic book … Read more