Political Science Learning & Reference Hub
World War I (1914–1918), also known as the Great War, was one of the deadliest conflicts in modern history. It involved major global powers, reshaped political boundaries, destroyed empires, and transformed international relations. The war introduced new military technologies, intensified nationalism and imperialism, and laid the foundation for the rise of new nations and future … Read more
The Unification of Germany in 1871 was a landmark event in European history that transformed fragmented German states into a powerful nation-state under Prussian leadership. Driven by nationalism, militarism, economic integration through the Zollverein, and the strategic leadership of Otto von Bismarck, German unification reshaped Europe’s political balance and laid the foundation for modern Germany. … Read more
The unification of Italy, known as the Risorgimento, was a long and complex struggle that transformed a fragmented peninsula into a unified nation-state in the 19th century. Rooted in nationalism, revolution, diplomacy, and warfare, the movement was shaped by visionary leaders like Mazzini, Garibaldi, Cavour, and Victor Emmanuel II. From Roman dominance in antiquity to … Read more
The American Civil War (1861–1865) was a defining conflict in U.S. history between the Union and the Confederate States. Rooted in economic differences, slavery, and states’ rights, the war reshaped the nation by preserving the Union and ending slavery. Under Abraham Lincoln’s leadership, the United States emerged stronger, more unified, and committed to the ideals … Read more
New Ideas and Movements in Europe, also known as the Enlightenment, was a philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century. Centered on the idea that reason is the primary source of authority and legitimacy, this movement advocated such ideals as liberty, progress, tolerance, fraternity, constitutional government, and separation … Read more
The Industrial Revolution was a transformative period that shifted production from handicraft to machine-based manufacturing, reshaping economies, societies, and global power structures. Beginning in Britain in the late 18th century and spreading to Europe and the United States, it introduced mechanization, urbanization, and technological innovation that laid the foundation for modern industrial society. “The Industrial … Read more
World After the Second Global War was the beginning of a new era for all countries involved, defined by the decline of all European colonial empires and simultaneous rise of two superpowers: the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US). Allies during World War II, the US and the USSR became competitors on the … Read more
Before the world could recover completely from the havoc caused by the First World War (1914-18), it was shocked to learn about the outbreak of the Second World War (1939-45). The interval between the end of the First World War and the beginning of the Second World War was 20 years and 9 months. “Those … Read more
Napoleon Bonaparte reshaped Europe through military genius, political ambition, and sweeping reforms. His rise from Corsican officer to Emperor of France transformed European politics, but his downfall led to the Congress of Vienna (1814–1815), where European powers sought to restore stability and redraw the continent’s map. The clash between revolutionary ideals and conservative restoration defined … Read more
Feudalism was a set of legal and military customs in medieval Europe that flourished between the 9th and 15th centuries. It can be broadly defined as a system for structuring society around relationships derived from the holding of land, known as a fiefdom or fief, in exchange for service or labour. This Topic about Feudalism … Read more