Political Science Learning & Reference Hub
In the Article immediately preceding, we have considered the distribution of governmental powers territoriality from how these powers may be distributed as between the Central Government and the various political units into which all countries of considerable size are divided. And we brought out in that consideration two distinct types of government, the unitary and … Read more
Distribution of Powers Functionally and theory of Separation Of Powers. Two methods may be employed for distributing governmental powers, territorial and functional. These two are not alternative methods. The territorial division relates to the splitting up of the State’s territory into political divisions and distributing governmental powers among such divisions. Each of the political divisions … Read more
Different Types of Governments. Some writers on Political Science classify the forms of government as the forms of the State. But this doesn’t seem right. There can be no forms of the state. All States are alike in their nature, and all combine the same essential elements population, territory, organization, and unity or sovereignty. Differences … Read more
The Third World emerged in the post-World War II era in international relations and conditions when the world was divided into opposite ideological blocs. During those days, the process of decolonization was at its zenith, as a result of which many Asian and African countries got independence, and they joined the international community as sovereign … Read more
As already observed in the previous article, if there is any outstanding contribution of newly independent states of Asia, Africa, and Latin America worth mentioning, it gives concrete shape to the concept of non-alignment. The concept of non-alignment gained currency in 1955 at Bandung Conference, albeit it was the uppermost in the mind of Pandit … Read more
De-Colonization. Modern imperialism and colonialism appeared on the world’s political horizon in the fifteenth century when the European powers like Britain, France, Holland, Portugal, and Spain built their empire by over-powering backward and weak countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. These powers ruled the roost for about four hundred years throughout the world. Colonialism … Read more
From the late sixties, there is a general shift in East-West relations from the tensions of the cold war to the compulsions and imperatives of detente, especially in military strategy and security. There was a new ray of hope that the advent of detente would reduce international tensions and bring an era of world peace. … Read more
The New Cold War, often referred to as the Second Cold War (1979–1987), marked a renewed phase of hostility between the United States and the Soviet Union after a brief period of détente. Although détente in the early 1970s promised stability through arms control and cooperation, underlying ideological rivalries and strategic competition never truly disappeared. … Read more
The Cold War was one of the most defining periods in modern international relations, shaping global politics in the aftermath of the Second World War. Emerging from deep ideological, political, and economic differences, the rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union divided the world into two hostile blocs—East and West. This era was … Read more
A nation formulates its foreign policy, keeping in view its various national interests and objectives. In this formulation, general, internal, and external determinants also play varying degrees of role. These were discussed in detail in the previous article. Under the influence of these factors, foreign policy takes different forms and shapes in different countries. This … Read more