Dialectical materialism is central to Karl Marx’s interpretation of history, society, and political change. Rather than refining it as an abstract philosophy, Marx applied dialectical materialism to real historical events, especially class struggle, to guide revolutionary action. Through works like The Communist Manifesto and his pamphlets on the 1848 French Revolution, Marx analyzed ideology as … Read more

Economic determinism of dialectical materialism is the cornerstone of Karl Marx’s social and political theory. Rooted in materialist philosophy, it argues that a society’s mode of economic production fundamentally shapes its class structure, political institutions, legal systems, and cultural life. According to Marx, history progresses through conflicts between social classes driven by changing economic conditions, … Read more

Dialectical materialism is the philosophical foundation of Karl Marx’s interpretation of history, society, and social change. Developed between 1844 and 1848 under the influence of Hegel’s dialectic and Feuerbach’s materialism, it rejects mechanical explanations of social life and instead emphasizes historical development driven by material conditions and class struggle. For Marx, dialectical materialism was not … Read more

The proletarian revolution, as conceived by Karl Marx, represents one of the most transformative ideas in modern political philosophy. Rooted in dialectical materialism, Marx’s theory reframed history as a dynamic struggle between social classes driven by economic forces rather than ideals or national cultures. By replacing Hegel’s spiritual dialectic with material conditions of production, Marx … Read more

The present meaning of liberalism cannot be reduced to a single political label. Historically and philosophically, liberalism has evolved along two related paths: a restricted sense, positioned between conservatism and socialism, and a broader sense, closely associated with democracy itself. From its origins as a middle-class reform movement advocating economic freedom, liberalism has grown into … Read more

Modern political thought reshaped the boundaries between liberalism, conservatism, and socialism, particularly through the idealist revision of liberal theory led by thinkers such as T. H. Green. Rejecting the rigid separation between economics and politics, Green reimagined the state as a positive moral agent capable of promoting freedom, welfare, and social stability. This evolution blurred … Read more

The Idealist Revision of Liberalism marks a pivotal shift in modern political thought, reshaping classical liberalism at the turn of the late nineteenth century. Led by Oxford idealists—most notably Thomas Hill Green—this movement challenged the narrow individualism of Bentham and early utilitarianism, arguing instead that freedom is a social achievement, not merely the absence of … Read more

Herbert Spencer stands as one of the most influential—and controversial—figures in nineteenth-century liberal thought. Emerging from the tradition of Philosophical Radicalism, Spencer reshaped classical liberalism by integrating it with evolutionary theory, constructing an ambitious system that spanned biology, psychology, sociology, ethics, and politics. While often compared with John Stuart Mill, Spencer diverged sharply in his … Read more

The Principles of Social Study mark a turning point in nineteenth-century social philosophy, where John Stuart Mill sought to expand classical liberalism beyond individual psychology and abstract economic laws. Influenced by Auguste Comte and continental thought, Mill recognized that political behavior is shaped by social institutions and historical development. This shift laid the intellectual foundations … Read more

John Stuart Mill, one of the foremost philosophers of the 19th century, redefined the concept of liberty by linking it to moral development and social responsibility. His seminal work, On Liberty, argued that freedom is not merely a political condition but an essential moral and social good, crucial for cultivating individuality, responsibility, and a humane … Read more