As already observed in the previous article, if there is any outstanding contribution of newly independent states of Asia, Africa, and Latin America worth mentioning, it gives concrete shape to the concept of non-alignment. The concept of non-alignment gained currency in 1955 at Bandung Conference, albeit it was the uppermost in the mind of Pandit … Read more

De-Colonization. Modern imperialism and colonialism appeared on the world’s political horizon in the fifteenth century when the European powers like Britain, France, Holland, Portugal, and Spain built their empire by over-powering backward and weak countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. These powers ruled the roost for about four hundred years throughout the world. Colonialism … Read more

From the late sixties, there is a general shift in East-West relations from the tensions of the cold war to the compulsions and imperatives of detente, especially in military strategy and security. There was a new ray of hope that the advent of detente would reduce international tensions and bring an era of world peace. … Read more

The New Cold War, often referred to as the Second Cold War (1979–1987), marked a renewed phase of hostility between the United States and the Soviet Union after a brief period of détente. Although détente in the early 1970s promised stability through arms control and cooperation, underlying ideological rivalries and strategic competition never truly disappeared. … Read more

The Cold War was one of the most defining periods in modern international relations, shaping global politics in the aftermath of the Second World War. Emerging from deep ideological, political, and economic differences, the rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union divided the world into two hostile blocs—East and West. This era was … Read more

A nation formulates its foreign policy, keeping in view its various national interests and objectives. In this formulation, general, internal, and external determinants also play varying degrees of role. These were discussed in detail in the previous article. Under the influence of these factors, foreign policy takes different forms and shapes in different countries. This … Read more

Determinants of Foreign Policy. It is a known fact that government formation is essential to run a state, and no state can live without maintaining interstate relations, which have become so essential these days. Every government has to formulate a foreign policy like internal and domestic policies, industrial policy, agricultural policy, defense policy, education policy, … Read more

International relations is far behind other social sciences in the development of theories. It is quite natural as this discipline is of recent origin. Notwithstanding this limitation, some remarkable developments have already taken place in the sphere of the theory of international politics building. The works of William Fox, Stanley Hoffmann, Klaus Knorr, Sydney Verba, … Read more

Balance of Power in International Relations is one of the most enduring and debated concepts in political science. From the classical European state system to the contemporary global order, the balance of power has shaped patterns of war, peace, alliances, and diplomacy. Rooted in realism, this concept explains how states seek security by preventing any … Read more

National interest in international relations is one of the most fundamental yet controversial concepts shaping foreign policy and global politics. Every sovereign state claims to act in the name of its national interest when pursuing diplomacy, alliances, wars, or economic strategies. Despite its centrality, the concept remains highly ambiguous, subjective, and context-dependent. Scholars such as … Read more