Determinants of Foreign Policy. It is a known fact that government formation is essential to run a state, and no state can live without maintaining interstate relations, which have become so essential these days. Every government has to formulate a foreign policy like internal and domestic policies, industrial policy, agricultural policy, defense policy, education policy, … Read more

International relations is far behind other social sciences in the development of theories. It is quite natural as this discipline is of recent origin. Notwithstanding this limitation, some remarkable developments have already taken place in the sphere of the theory of international politics building. The works of William Fox, Stanley Hoffmann, Klaus Knorr, Sydney Verba, … Read more

Balance of Power in International Relations is one of the most enduring and debated concepts in political science. From the classical European state system to the contemporary global order, the balance of power has shaped patterns of war, peace, alliances, and diplomacy. Rooted in realism, this concept explains how states seek security by preventing any … Read more

National interest in international relations is one of the most fundamental yet controversial concepts shaping foreign policy and global politics. Every sovereign state claims to act in the name of its national interest when pursuing diplomacy, alliances, wars, or economic strategies. Despite its centrality, the concept remains highly ambiguous, subjective, and context-dependent. Scholars such as … Read more

National power reflects a state’s overall capacity to influence others and protect its interests in international politics. It is not defined by any single attribute but rather emerges from a complex interplay of multiple elements — including geography, population, industry, technological advancement, political systems, and international relations. These elements are dynamic, interrelated, and often difficult … Read more

Power is the cornerstone of international relations and global politics. From ancient political thought to modern statecraft, understanding power is essential to interpret how states interact, compete, and cooperate. Scholars like Kautilya and Hans Morgenthau have defined power as both an attribute and a dynamic interaction between political actors influencing behaviors, decisions, and outcomes. In … Read more

The Basis of International Organizations I ARGUED in an earlier Article of this website that the scale of modern civilization has made the national and sovereign State an institutional expedient of which the political un-wisdom and moral danger are both manifest. We are committed to international experiment by the facts about us. We have been … Read more

Foreign policies and international relations represent two foundational concepts in the study of global affairs, shaping how sovereign states interact with one another and with non-state actors. Defining these terms has long been challenging for scholars due to their overlapping content, evolving global trends, and broadening disciplinary scope. Traditionally, international politics focused on state-to-state rivalries … Read more