Political Science Learning & Reference Hub
Political socialization describes the process by which citizens crystalize political identities, values, and behavior that remain relatively persistent throughout later life. This chapter provides a comprehensive discussion of the scholarly debate on political socialization, posing a number of questions that arise in the study of political socialization and the making of citizens. Definition and Meaning … Read more
Political culture refers to the collective beliefs, values, and attitudes that shape how citizens perceive and engage with political systems. Almond and Verba’s theory identifies three core types of political culture—parochial, subject, and participant—offering a powerful framework to explain why political systems succeed in some societies and fail in others. This theory remains central to … Read more
Political elites play a decisive role in shaping policies, guiding political institutions, and influencing social development. From classical thinkers like Plato and Aristotle to modern theorists such as Pareto, Mosca, Michels, and C. Wright Mills, elite theory explains how a minority group exercises power in society. Understanding the role of political elites helps explain leadership, … Read more
The Theory of Separation of Powers is a foundational principle of constitutional law that divides government authority among three branches—legislative, executive, and judicial. This doctrine prevents the concentration of power, safeguards individual liberty, and ensures accountability through checks and balances. Developed prominently by Montesquieu, the theory has shaped modern democratic constitutions, especially in the United … Read more
Political party systems shape how democracies and governments function across the world. The three major types—two-party, multiparty, and single-party systems—reflect differences in political competition, governance stability, and democratic representation. Understanding these systems helps explain how power is distributed, policies are formed, and citizens participate in politics. “A party system is not merely a competition for … Read more
Political parties are the backbone of modern democracy, shaping public opinion, organizing political participation, and ensuring accountable governance. By connecting citizens with the state, political parties help transform diverse social interests into public policy and strengthen democratic stability. Their role in elections, governance, opposition, and political education makes them indispensable for democratic systems across the … Read more
Local self-government plays a vital role in strengthening democracy, improving public administration, and promoting citizen participation at the grassroots level. By empowering elected representatives to manage local affairs, it ensures efficient governance, accountability, and responsive public services. In modern democratic systems, local self-government acts as the foundation of political education, civic responsibility, and sustainable development. … Read more
Public opinion represents the collective views, beliefs, and attitudes of people on issues affecting society. It plays a decisive role in democratic governance by shaping political decisions, influencing public policy, and ensuring accountability of governments. In modern political systems, public opinion functions as a guiding force that reflects social values, protects fundamental rights, and strengthens … Read more
The Russian Revolution was a transformative political and social upheaval that reshaped Russia and influenced global history. Beginning in 1917 with the collapse of the Romanov dynasty and culminating in the rise of the Bolsheviks and the formation of the Soviet Union, the revolution marked the end of monarchy and the emergence of communism. Driven … Read more
The League of Nations was the world’s first global intergovernmental organization created to maintain international peace after World War I. Established in 1920 following the Treaty of Versailles, it sought to promote collective security, international cooperation, and peaceful dispute resolution. Despite early achievements, the League ultimately failed to prevent World War II and dissolved in … Read more