Political Systems

Nature of State and Society. We must also clearly distinguish between the State and Society because identifying the social with the political is to be guilty of all confusions’ grossest, which completely bars any understanding of either society or State. To equate the State with society is to justify State interference in all aspects of … Read more

Qualification And Appointment Of Judges. Appointment Of Judges. The peculiar functions of courts of justice are such as to require that the judges should possess a special degree of learning, impartiality, integrity, dignity, and independence of judgment. “Whatever,” said Edmund Burke in his “Reflections on the French Revolution,” is supreme in a state; it ought … Read more

Organization Of The Judiciary. The structure of the judiciary in most of the State  is pyramidal with the Supreme Court at the top, High Courts below them and district and subordinate courts at the lowest level (see the diagram below). The lower courts function under the direct superintendence of the higher courts. Principles of Organization. … Read more

At least in some countries, a final function of the courts is the power to create and develop the law. The law they make is known as “case law” or “judge-made law” in Latin countries, jurisprudence. This power results from the judges’ universal right to construe and interpret statutes, and in Anglo-Saxon countries, to decide … Read more

Functions of the Judiciary and Its Importance are To Give Justice to the people. Interpretation and Application of Laws. Role in Law-making. Equity Legislation. Protection of Rights. Guardian of the Constitution, Power to get its Decisions and Judgements enforced, In case any person is held Early Notions of Justice The administration of justice, the judiciary’s … Read more

Political Change: Change is a natural phenomenon, and in all ages, change occurs, but the rapidity and extent of change distinguish the modern world. Change in the methods of communication, in economic, social, and political life. What happens in New York, Cairo or Sydney can be witnessed instantaneously in London or New Delhi, or read … Read more

Influence: Influence authority and power are among the most common keywords in politics. They are present at all levels in a political system, but they are differently presented. However, the certain ground is Common that a human relationship exists and that the assessment of one or other parties affects the other’s behavior. The effect is … Read more

Constitutions Classified: Considered concerning the degree of popular participation in the government which they allow, constitutions have been classified by various Writers as “free,” “democratic,” “aristocratic,” etc. Considered as instruments of evidence, they have been classified as cumulative or evolved and second, as conventional or enacted. To the first class belong those who have their … Read more

Nature of Public Opinion. During the greater part of human history, the government was viewed as something exalted and mysterious, beyond the mass’s comprehension. The authority of rulers was believed to be of divine origin. The people were expected to give reverence and obedience, not to question or criticize the acts of those in authority. … Read more

Aristocracy Government Examples. The aristocratic government places political power in a comparatively small part of the population of the state. This class may be based on birth, wealth, age, military power, priestly power, education, or a combination of these and similar distinctions. However, the ruling class may be selected in an aristocracy the mass of … Read more